| Rule 9 |
❏ 한 단락에 한 주제만을 다룬다.
- 작문의 단위는 단락 |
- 주제 범위가 좁거나 간단하게 다룰 예정이면 세분할 필요가 없다.
☞ 간략한 설명, 문학작품 짧은 요약, 한 사건에 대한 간략한 서술, 어떤 행동에 대한 대략적인 묘사,
아이디어 하나 제시 등은 모두 동일 단락 내에 기술 가능
- 세분화의 정도는 작문의 전체적인 길이에 따라 다르다.
- 책이나 시를 소개하는
경우 |
A. 작품 설명
B. 비평 |
- 문학 강의 과제로
제출할 보고서 |
A. 작품 구성 및 출판 관련 정보
B. 시의 종류, 운율
C. 주제
D. 주제를 다루는 방식
E. 주목할만한 점
F. 작가의 스타일이 드러나는 부분
G. 다른 작품과의 관련성 |
| - 소설을 소개하는 경우 |
A. 배경
B. 구성
C. 등장인물
D. 목적 |
- 역사적 사건에 대한
소개 |
A. 사건의 발단
B. 사건 개요
C. 사건의 결과 |
- 한 문장이 한 단락을 구성해서는 안된다.
- 설명이나 주장을 하는 두 문단 사이의 연결 문장 제외
- 대화에서는 화자가 바뀔 때마다 새로운 문단을 시작한다.
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| Rule 10 |
| ❏ 주제문으로 단락을 시작하고, 주제문에 부합하도록 단락을 마무리해야 한다. |
- 특히 설명문, 논설문에서 단락을 구성할 때,
A. 주제문은 시작 부분에 온다.
B. 다음에 오는 문장들은 주제문의 내용을 설명, 뒷받침 해주거나 전개한다.
C. 마지막 문장은 주제문에 나타난 의미를 강조하거나 중요한 인과관계를 짚어 준다.
- 단락 구성 예시
| 1. 주제문 |
Now, to be properly enjoyed, a walking tour should be gone upon alone. |
| 2. 주제문과 반대되는 내용을 부정하면서 의미를 더욱 명확히 함 |
If you go in a company, or even in pairs, it is no longer a walking tour in anything but name; it is something else and more in the nature of a picnic. |
3. 주제문을 요약 형태로 반복, 세 가지 이유로
뒷받침 |
A walking tour should be gone upon alone, because freedom is of the essence; because you should be able to stop and go on, and follow this way or that, as the freak takes you; and because you must have your own pace, and neither trot alongside a champion walker, nor mince in time with a girl. |
| 4. 네 번째 이유를 두 가지 형태로 제시 |
And you must be open to all impressions and let your thoughts take color from what you see. |
| 5. 네 번째 이유의 또 다른 형태 |
You should be as a pipe for any wind to play upon. |
6. 동일한 이유에 대한
해즐릿의 글 인용 |
"I cannot see the wit," says Hazlitt, "of walking and talking at the same time. |
7. 동일한 이유에 대한
해즐릿의 글 인용 |
When I am in the country, I wish to vegetate like the country," which is the gist of all that can be said upon the matter. |
8. 인용구의 표현을 바꾸어
반복 |
There should be no cackle of voices at your elbow, to jar on the meditative silence of the morning. |
9. 네 번째 이유의 마지막은
설득력 있는 결론을 위해
더욱 강하게 표현 |
There should be no cackle of voices at your elbow, to jar on the meditative silence of the morning. |
- 일반적으로 첫 문장은 주제를 통해 단락의 주된 내용을 나타낸다.
At length I thought I might return towards the stockade.
He picked up the heavy lamp from the table and began to explore.
Another flight of steps, and they emerged on the roof.
- 서술하거나 묘사할 때, 이어지는 세부 내용을 논리적으로 묶어주기 위해 간결하고 포괄적인 문장으로 시작하기도 한다.
The breeze served us admirably.
The campaign opened with a series of reverses.
The next ten or twelve pages were filled with a curious set of entries.
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| Rule 11 |
- 능동형이 수동형에 비해 더욱 직접적이고 명확하다.
My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me.
☞ I shall always remember my first visit to Boston.
There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground.
☞ Dead leaves covered the ground.
The sound of the falls could still be heard.
☞ The sound of the falls still reached our ears.
The reason that he left college was that his health became impared.
☞ Failing health compelled him to leave college.
It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he said.
☞ He soon repented his words.
- 연이은 수동태 사용은 피해야 한다.
Gold was not allowed to be exported.
☞ It was forbidden to export gold. (The export of gold was prohibited.)
He has been proved to have been seen entering the building.
☞ It has been proved that he was seen to enter the building.
- 수동태 문장의 주어로 전체적인 행동을 나타내는 명사를 쓰게 되면 동사는 문장을 마무리하는 기능만 수행하게 되기 때문에 주의해야 한다.
A survey of this region was made in 1900.
☞ This region was surveyed in 1900.
Mobilization of the army was rapidly carried out.
☞ The army was rapidly mobilized.
Confirmation of these reports cannot be obtained.
☞ These reports cannot be confirmed.
|
| Rule 12 |
- 애매모호한 문장은 피해야 한다.
He was not very often on time.
☞ He usually came late.
He did not think that studying Latin was much use.
☞ He thought the study of Latin useless.
The Taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakepeare's works.
☞ The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.
- not honest ☞ dishonest
not important ☞ trifling
did not remember ☞ forgot
did not pay any attention to ☞ ignored
did not have much confidence in ☞ distrusted
- 긍정문을 부정문과 대조하여 의미를 강조할 수 있다.
Not charity, but simple justice.
Not that I loved Caesar less, but Rome the more.
- not 을 제외한 부정어는 일반적으로 의미를 더욱 분명하게 해준다.
The sun never sets upon the British flag.
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| Rule 13 |
- 좋은 글을 쓰기 위해서는 간략하게, 의미를 가지는 단어들로만 문장을 구성해야 한다.
the question as to whether ☞ whether (the question whether)
there is no doubt but that ☞ no doubt (doubtless)
used for fuel purposes ☞ used for fuel (the question whether)
he is a man who ☞ he
in a hasty manner ☞ hastily
this is a subject which ☞ this subject
His story is a strange one. ☞ His story is strange.
owing to the fact that ☞ since (because)
in spite of the fact that ☞ though (although)
call your attention to the fact that ☞ remind you (notify you)
I was unaware of the fact that ☞ I was unaware that (did not know)
the fact that he had not succeeded ☞ his failure
the fact that I had arrived ☞ my arrival
His brother, who is a member of the same firm
☞ His brother, a member of the same firm
Trafalgar, which was Nelson's last battle
☞ Trafalgar, Nelson's last battle
Macbeth was very ambitious. This led him to wish to become king of Scotland. The witches told him that this wish of his would come true. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth murdered Duncan. He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king. (55 words)
☞ Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his ambition and realized the prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan and becoming king of Scotland in his place. (26 words)
|
| Rule 14 |
- and, but, who, which, when, where, while 등으로 구성된 문장이 계속 이어지면 글이 단조롭고
지루해진다.
The third concert of the subscription series was given last evening, and a large audience was in attendance. Mr. Edward Appleton was the soloist, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra furnished the instrumental music. The former showed himself to be an artist of the first rank, while the latter proved itself fully desrving of its hight reputation. The interest aroused by the series has been very gratifying to the Committee, and it is planned to give a similar series annually hereafter. The fourth concert will be given on Tuesday, May 10, when an equally attractive program will be presented.
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| Rule 15 |
- Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.
☞ Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.
The French, the Italians, Spanish, and Portuguese
☞ The French, the Italians, the Spanish, and the Portuguese
In spring, summer, or in winter
☞ In spring, summer, or winter (In spring, in summer, or in winter)
- 상관 구문(both A and B / not A but B / not only A but also B / either A or B / first, second, third 등)의 경우 문법이 동일한 형태로 이어져야 한다.
It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.
☞ The ceremony was both long and tedious.
A time not for words, but action
☞ A time not for words, but for action
Either you must grant his request or incur his ill will.
☞ You must either grant his request or incur his ill will.
My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is unconstitutional.
☞ My objections are, first, that the measure is unjust; second, that it is unconstitutional.
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| Rule 16 |
- 문장의 주어와 주동사 사이에 문장 앞부분에 둘 수 있는 구나 절을 삽입하지 말아야 한다.
Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.
☞ In the fifth book of The Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church.
Cast iron, when treated in a Bessemer converter, is changed into steel.
☞ By treatment in a Bessemer converter, cast iron is changed into steel.
- 관계대명사는 선행사 바로 다음에 와야 한다.
There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.
☞ In his eye was a look that boded mischief.
He wrote three articles about his adventures in Spain, which were published in Harper's Magazine.
☞ He published in Harper's Magazine three articles about his adventures in Spain.
This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, grandson of WIlliam Henry Harrison, who became President in 1889.
☞ This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, grandson of William Henry Harrison. He became President in 1889.
- 의미가 모호해지지 않는 이상, 선행사가 여러 단어로 이루어져 있다고 하더라도 관계대명사는 선행사 뒤에 와야 한다.
The Superintendent of the Chicago Division, who
A proposal to amend the Sherman Act, which has been variously judged
☞ A proposal, which has been variously judged, to amend the Sherman Act
☞ A proposal to amend the much-debated Sherman Act
The grandson of William Henry Harrison, who
☞ William Henry Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison, who
- 수식어는 피수식어와 붙어 있는 것이 좋다.
All the members were not present.
☞ Not all the members were present.
He only found two mistakes.
☞ He found only two mistakes.
Major R.E. Joyce will give a lecture on Tuesday evening in Bailey Hall, to which the public is invited, on "My Experiences in Mesopotamia" at eight P.M.
☞ On Tuesday evening at eight P.M., Major R.E. Joyce will give in Bailey Hall a lecture on "My Experiences in Mesopotamia." The public is invited.
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| Rule 17 |
| ❏ 글을 요약할 때에는 한 가지 시제만 사용한다. |
- 희곡은 반드시 현재형으로 요약하고, 시나 소설도 현재형으로 요약하는 것이 좋지만 과거형을 사용해도 무방하다.
An unforseen chance prevents Friar John from delivering Friar Lawrence's letter to Romeo. Juliet, meanwhile, owing to her father's arbitrary change of the day set for her wedding, has been compelled to drink the potion on Tuesday night, with the result that Balthasar informs Romeo of her supposed death before Friar Lawrence learns of the nondelivery of the letter.
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| Rule 18 |
- Humanity has hardly advanced in fortitude since that time, though it has advanced in many other ways.
☞ Humanity, since that time, has advanced in many other ways, but it has hardly advanced in fortitude.
This steel is principally used for making razors, because of its hardness.
☞ Because of its hardness, this steel is principally used in making razors.
- 도미문(periodic sentence)을 쓰면 글의 주요 내용을 강조할 수 있다.
Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as a set-off against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.
With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.
- 주어를 제외한 문장 요소는 문장 앞 부분에 놓아 강조할 수 있다.
Deceit or treachery he could never forgive.
So vast and rude, fretted by the action of nearly three thousand years, the fragment of this architecture may often seem, at first sight, like works of nature.
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